Concepts and characteristics of routing and switching by MURAD AL QURISHEE
Routing and Switching Concepts:
a. Properties of Network Traffic:
Network traffic refers to the flow of data through a network. It is characterized by its type, size, and volume, which can affect network performance. There are different types of network traffic:
Broadcast: A type of network traffic that is sent to all devices on a network.
Multicast: A type of network traffic that is sent to a specific group of devices on a network.
Unicast: A type of network traffic that is sent to a single device on a network.
b. Broadcast domains:
A broadcast domain is a logical division of a network where all devices can receive broadcast traffic from any other device within the same domain. In other words, broadcast traffic sent by any device within the broadcast domain will be received by all other devices within the same domain.
c. CSMA/CD:
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is a media access control (MAC) protocol used in Ethernet networks to prevent multiple devices from transmitting data simultaneously, causing collisions. Devices listen to the network before transmitting and, if another device is already transmitting, they wait until it's done before attempting to transmit. If a collision occurs, devices stop transmitting, wait a random amount of time, and then retransmit.
d. CSMA/CA:
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) is a media access control (MAC) protocol used in wireless networks to prevent collisions between transmissions. Devices listen to the network before transmitting, and if another device is already transmitting, they wait a random amount of time before attempting to transmit. This protocol is used to avoid collisions in wireless networks, where collisions are difficult to detect.
e. Collision domains:
A collision domain is a portion of a network in which data packets can collide with each other. Collisions occur when multiple devices attempt to transmit data at the same time on the same network segment. In a network with multiple collision domains, collisions can only occur within the same domain and not between domains.
f. Protocol Data Units:
Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are the units of data that are transmitted in a network according to a specific protocol. For example, in the IP protocol, PDUs are called packets. In the Ethernet protocol, PDUs are called frames.
g. MTU:
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) is the largest size of a single data packet that can be transmitted in a network. The MTU size is determined by the underlying network technology and can impact network performance if packets are too large.
h. Broadcast:
Broadcast is a type of network traffic that is sent to all devices on a network. In a broadcast, the same data is sent to every device on the network, and all devices receive and process the data.
i. Multicast:
Multicast is a type of network traffic that is sent to a specific group of devices on a network. Unlike broadcasts, which are sent to all devices, multicasts are sent to only the devices that have requested to receive the data.
j. Unicast:
Unicast is a type of network traffic that is sent to a single device on a network. Unlike broadcasts and multicasts, unicasts are sent to a specific destination device and are not intended for any other device on the network.
Segmentation and interface properties:
Segmentation refers to dividing a large network into smaller parts, known as segments, for better organization and security.
Interface properties refer to the physical and logical characteristics of the interfaces used in a network to connect devices.
VLANs (Virtual LANs) allow network administrators to create multiple virtual networks within a physical network.
Trunking is a technology used to transmit data between VLANs. 802.1q is a commonly used trunking protocol.
Tagging and untagging ports are used to distinguish between different VLANs in a trunked network.
Port mirroring allows administrators to monitor network traffic by copying it to a designated port for analysis.
Switching loops and spanning tree are used to prevent loops in a network, which can lead to network disruption.
PoE (Power over Ethernet) and PoE+ (Power over Ethernet Plus) are technologies that allow devices to be powered over Ethernet cables. 802.3af and 802.3at are PoE standards.
DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a network segment that is isolated from other parts of the network for security reasons.
The MAC (Media Access Control) address table is used by switches to keep track of the MAC addresses of devices connected to it.
The ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) table is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Routing:
Routing refers to the process of forwarding data packets between networks.
Routing protocols are used to dynamically learn about the network topology and determine the best path for data packets to travel.
IPv4 and IPv6 are the two most commonly used Internet protocols.
Distance-vector routing protocols, such as RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), use metrics such as hop count to determine the best path.
Link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), use information about the entire network topology to determine the best path.
Hybrid routing protocols, such as BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), combine elements of both distance-vector and link-state routing.
Routing types include static, dynamic, and default routing. Static routing requires manual configuration, while dynamic routing uses routing protocols to learn about the network topology. Default routing is used when no specific route is defined.
IPv6 concepts:
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol, designed to address the shortage of addresses in IPv4.
Addressing in IPv6 is designed to be hierarchical and more flexible than in IPv4.
Tunneling allows IPv6 packets to be transmitted over an IPv4 network.
Dual stack refers to a network that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols.
Router advertisement and neighbor discovery are mechanisms used in IPv6 to automatically configure network settings.
Performance concepts:
Traffic shaping is the process of controlling and manipulating the flow of network traffic to ensure optimal performance.
QoS (Quality of Service) is the ability to manage and prioritize different types of network traffic based on their importance.
Diffserv (Differentiated Services) is a type of QoS that assigns different priorities to different types of network traffic.
Comentários